Energy and mass balance dynamics of the seasonal snowpack at two high-altitude sites in the Himalaya

Snow dynamics play a crucial role in the hydrology of alpine catchments Himalaya. However, studies based on in-situ observations that elucidate energy and mass balance snowpack at high altitude this region are scarce. In study, we use meteorological snow two high-altitude sites Nepalese Himalaya to quantify seasonal snowpack. Using data driven experimental set-up aim understand main drivers snowmelt, illustrate importance accounting for cold content snowpack, gain insight into meltwater refreezing plays Our results show an intricate relation between sensitivity melt albedo, refreezing, amount positive net used overcome The available both is primarily by shortwave radiation, therefore extremely sensitive albedo measurements. We conclude that, observed temperatures, 21% build up during night. also least 32–34% refreezes again sites. Even when accounted for, excess beyond what needed hypothesize may be explained uncertainties measurement underestimation due basal ice layer, increase fresh snowfall ground heat flux. study shows order accurately simulate snowpacks Himalayan catchments, simple temperature index models do not suffice needs for.